achel- ‘water (noun), water (adj.)’ [Lith. H Akele., Phryg. akala
‘water’]. aiz- ‘a goat’ [Armen. aic, Greek aix]. ala ‘current,
stream’ [Latv. H Alaja, Lith. ale.ti ‘flooded’]. alonhon 'a spear' alta(s)
‘current, stream’ [Illyrian RN Altus, Russ. (from Balt.) RN Al'ta]. an(a) ‘at,
on’ [Avest. ana ‘along’, Greek aná ‘at, along’, Goth. ana ‘at, towards’]. ang-
‘curved, twisting’ [Old-Ind. ancati ‘a curve’, Greek ankos ‘valley, abyss’].
ant(i) ‘against’ [Old-Ind. ánti ‘against, nearby, the Lith. ant ‘towards, against’,
Toch. ánt ‘through’, Greek antí ‘against’, etc.]. apa, aphus ‘water, river; a
spring’ [Old-Pruss. ape ‘river’, apus ‘spring’, Old-Ind. ap- ‘water’]. apsa
‘aspen’ [Altin apse ‘aspen’, Old-Pruss. abse, Pol. osa (from Proto-Slavic *apsá), Old-HighGerman
aspa ‘aspen’]. argilos - 'a mouse' arma ‘swamp, bog’ [Lith. arma
‘bog, puddle’, armuo, -ens ‘the same’]. ars- ‘to flow; current, river’
[Old-Pruss. RN Arsio, Arse, Old-Ind. árs,ati ‘to flow’, Hitt. arš- ‘the same’]. arta(s),
arda(s) ‘current. river’ [Old-Ind. árdati ‘to flow’, Greek ardó ‘to bedew’].
arzas ‘white’ [IE *arg'- (white, clear)]. asa(s) ‘stone’, as(a)m
‘stony’ [Old-Ind. as’man ‘stone; heaven’, Avest. asman- ‘the same’, Pelasg.
asáminthos (stone) bath’, Lith. akmuo, -ens ‘stone’]. asa ‘colt’s foot (Tussilago
farfara)’. That was its Bessian name according to Dioskurides. It is related to the Lit. dial. asys ‘horse-tail,
Equisetum’, Latv. aši, ašas ‘horse-tail, sedge, rush’, which are probably related to the Latv.
ašs, ass ‘sharp’, Old-Bulg. ostrý, Lit. aštrus ‘sharp’. asn - 'I, me' ,
[IE *eg'hom, Lit. aš 'I, me']. at ‘at, towards’ [IE *ad-, Latin ad 'to, towards', Latv.
ad ‘at, towards’, Old-Icel. at ‘at, opposite to’]. ath- ‘high, steep coast, a
hill’ [Greek akté ‘steep coast, peninsula, cape’]. at(u) ‘current, stream’
[Latv. RN Adula, German Attel, Avest. adu- ‘current, stream, channel’]. balios 'white', [IE
*bhel-]. bebrus ‘beaver’ [Lith. bebrus ‘beaver’, Old-Pruss. bébrus, Bulg. VN Bebrovo,
Old-HighGerman bibar, etc.]. bend- ‘to bind’, marriage [Old-Ind. bándhana- ‘binding’,
Avest. bandayaiti ‘to bind’, Goth, Anglo-Saxon bindan, German binden ‘to bind’]. beras
‘brown, swarthy’ [Lith. be.ras ‘brown’, Latv. bers ‘the same’, Old-HighGerman bero
‘a bear’ (initially ‘brown’)]. berga(s) ‘hill, bank’ [Old-Icel. berg
‘mountain’, Old-HighGerman berg, German Berg ‘mountain’, Old-Bulg. breg@, New-Bulg. brjag ‘bank,
coast’]. berza(s) ‘birch’ [IE *bherg'- 'a birch', Lith. bérz'as, Latv. berzs, Old-Pruss.
berse, Russ. ber'oza, Bulg. breza ‘birch’]. bolinthos ‘wild bull, bison’. The word is attested
in Aristotle, according to whom that animal lived in the Messapian mountain, which separated the country of the Peonians from
that of the Maideans (a Thracian tribe inhabiting the middle course of Struma and upper course of Mesta), and that the Peonians
called it mónapos. Therefore, bolinthos was a Maidean, that is, a Thracian word. It is compared to the German Bulle ‘bull’
and is derived from the IE *bhun-ent. bonassos 'a bull' [IE *gwou-, Latin bos, bovis 'a bull']. bor-
'mountain' [in Huper-boreoi 'those living behind the mountain'; IE *Hegwr- 'hill, mountain'].
bredas ‘pasture-ground’ [Russ. bred, bredina ‘pasture’, bresti, bredu ‘to
cross by a ford’, Balt. (Zhemait.) RN Bred-upja]. brentas (brendas) ‘deer’ [Messap.
bréndon ‘deer’]. bria ‘town’ (Strab.; Steph. Byz. under the word of Messembria). Both authors
state the word was Thracian. It is often found as a second component of Thracian settlement names, for example: Messembria,
Poltymbria, Sélymbria, Skedabria, etc. The Thracian ‘bria’ is related to the Toch. A ri, B riye ‘town (a
refuge on a hill)’ – from the IE *wrijá. brilón - 'a barber', [Slavic *briti 'to shave', Old-Ind. bhrinati
'he hurts', Persian burridan 'to cut']. brink- ‘to swell’ [Lith. brinkti [brinkstu) ‘to
swell’, Pol. na-brekac' ‘the same’]. briza ‘spelt, rye’ (Gal. de alim. facult. 1,
13/6 p. 514. Kühn). The author (Galen) saw this plant in Thracia and in Macedonia and concluded the word was Thracian. It
is very probable. There are several etymologies for this word, that of A. Fick being the most acceptable one. A. Fick relates
the Thracian briza to the Old-Ind. vrihi-h, Pers. birinj, Afg. vriz'e ‘rice’, Greek orinda=óryza ‘rice’,
from which the Bulg. oriz. There is an alternative interpretation: the Thracian bryza is related to the Lith. brizdis ‘ling’,
from the stem of the verb brigzti ‘to be torn, to get unraveled’. bruzas ‘quick’
[Lith. bruz'as ‘somebody who runs to and fro’, the Slavic *b@rz@, Bulg. br@z]. brynchós ‘guitar
for the Thracians’ (Hesych.). The word is related to the Pol. brzek ‘a ringing, a tinkle’, Ukr. brjak ‘a
ringing, a sound’. brytos (masc.), bryton (neuter) ‘a kind of ale from barley, a beer’ (Archil.
Hecat. and others), brutos (Hesych.), bryttion (Herodian.). The word was used by the Thracians, the Peonians and the Phrygians.
bur, buris (boris) ‘man’ [Alb. burrë ‘man’]. burt- (burd-)
‘a ford’ [Slavic *brod@, Bulg. brod ‘a ford’]. búzas ‘a goat’
[Avest. búza- ‘a goat’]. chalas ‘mud’ [Old-Bulg. kal@, New-Bulg. kal ‘mud’,
Czech kal ‘swamp; mud. soft soil’]. dama ‘settlement, place for settling’ [Old-Ind.
dháman- ‘place for dwelling’, Greek thaimós ‘house’]. daphas ‘a flood’
[Lith. dapas ‘a flood’, Norw. dial. dave ‘puddle, pool’]. darsas (dersas) ‘brave,
courageous’ [Old-Pruss. dyrsos (pl.) ‘able, brave’, Avest. daršyu- ‘brave, strong’].
datan (datas) ‘place, settlement’ [Alb. datë ‘place, settlement]. dava
- 'a town' dentu- ‘clan, tribe’ [Latv. gens ‘clan, tribe’]. dero,
dur 'a stockade', [IE *dhwer- 'a door, a gate']. desa(s), disa(s) ‘deity, god’
[IE *deiwo-, Greek théos ‘a god’]. -didzos, -didza 'to create' [Russ. so-zdat 'to create',
Lith. z'iedz'iu 'I form, I mould', Goth. deigan 'to puddle', Old-Ind. déhmi 'I plaster', Old-Pers. didá 'a fort', Greek teikhos
'a wall', Latin fingo, fictus 'I puddle', Oscan feihúss 'walls']. dinga ‘fertile ground’
[Latv. dinga ‘fertile place’, Old-Icel. dyngia ‘dunghill’]. diza ‘fortress’
[Avest. uz-daéza ‘a heaping, a fortification’, Old-Pers. didá, New-Pers. diz, déz ‘fortress’]. dón
‘place, country(side)’ [Old-Ir. dú, Gen. don ‘place, country(side)’, Greek chthón ‘soil,
land’]. douro- 'strong' [Celt. *duro-]. drenis ‘deer’ [Alb. dre, dreni
‘deer’]. dul 'a house, a family'. dumas ‘dark’ [Lith. dúmas ‘dark,
dark brown (for cattle)’, Latv. dúms ‘dark brown’]. dún- ‘hill, mountain’
[Celtic *dunum 'a hill', Anglo-Saxon dún hill, mountain’, German Düne ‘dune’]. ebros 'a goat'
[IE *kapro-, Gaulish gabro- 'a goat', Old Irish gabor 'a goat', Irish gabhar]. e(i)b- ‘to flow, to drip’
[Pelasg. eibó ‘to drip, to flow (out)’]. ermas ‘fierce, mad’ [Alb. jerm ‘furious,
mad’]. esko 'to eat' [IE *ed- 'to eat']. esvas (ezvas), esb ‘a horse’
[IE *ekwo- 'a horse']. gagila 'a jackdaw' [Slavic *gala 'a jackdaw']. gaidrus ‘bright,
clear’ [Lith. gaidrus ‘bright, clear (cloudless)’, Greek phaidrós ‘shining, bright, cheerful’].
gava(s) ‘county, countryside’ [Goth. gawi ‘county’, pre-Greek gaia, Att. gé ‘land,
region’]. genton 'a piece of meat'. germas ‘warm, hot’ [IE *gherm-,
Old-Ind. gharmá- ‘heat’, Armen. j^erm’warm’, Greek thermós ‘the same’]. gesa ‘stork
kingfisher’ [Old-Pruss. geeyse ‘kingfisher’, Latv. dzése ‘heron, kingfisher’]. gin-
‘to languish, to spoil, to dry out’ [Old-Kurian Ginulle (a stream), Latv. g'nins ‘to spoil, to
languish’]. haimos (-on), *saimas (-an) ‘ridge, mountain chain’ [Old-Ind. simán- ‘ridge,
boundary’, Irish sím ‘chain’]. heris 'a hand' [IE *khesro- 'a hand', Greek kheir 'a hand',
Hittite keššar 'a hand']. ida (ide) ‘tree; forest’ [Old-Ir. fid, Gen. fedo ‘tree,
trees, forest’]. iet(e)r (=jeter-) ‘quick, agile’ [Old-HighGerman átar ‘quick’,
Latv. atrs ‘quick’]. iltea 'a chosen woman'. íl(u)- ‘silt, mud’
[Greek ílys, -ýos ‘mud, silt’, Church Slavic il@ ‘the same’]. iúras (=júras) ‘water,
river’ [Lith. júra ‘a sea’, Old-Nord. úr ‘drizzle’]. kaba(s) ‘bog, swamp’
[Engl. quab]. kalas ‘district, border region’ [Lith. galas ‘end, border of a field, meadow
or forest’, Latv. gals ‘neighbourhood’]. kalsas ‘dry, dried up’ [Latv. kálst
(-stu, -tu) ‘to dry up, to wither’]. kamoles 'beloved'. kapas ‘hill, slope’
[Latv. kapa, kape ‘long mountain strip, dune, slope’, Lith. kopa ‘and hill, dune’]. kel(l)a
‘a spring’ [Old-HighGerman quella, German Quelle ‘a spring’]. kenthas ‘a
child, descendant’ [Latv. re-cens ‘fresh, young, new’, with another suffix in the New-Bulg chedo ‘a
child’]. kersas ‘black’ [Lith. kéršas ‘on black and white spots’, Bulg.
cheren ‘black’, Old-Ind. krsná ‘black, dark’]. ketri-, ketre- ‘four’
[IE *kwetwores, Greek tetra ‘four’, Cymr. pedry- ‘four-fold’, Lith. keturi, Latv. c'etri, Bulg. c'etiri
‘four’]. kik- ‘live, agile’ [Anglo-Saxon cwicu, Old-Nord. kvikr, kykr ‘live,
agile’, Engl. quick]. kiri- [or kira] ‘mountain’, ‘forest’ [Old-Ind.
girí-h ‘mountain’, Avest. gairi- ‘the same’, Lith. giria, gire ‘forest, wood’. Latv. dzira
‘forest’]. knisa(s) ‘eroded place’ [Lith. knisti ‘to dig’]. kupsela
‘a heap, a hillock’ [Lith. kupse.lis ‘heap, hillock’]. kurp- ‘to burrow’
[Lith. kurpti (-i?) ‘to burrow’, Russ. korpat’ ‘to burrow’]. kurta ‘groove,
wood’ [Old-Pruss. korto ‘groove’ from the Baltic *kurtá]. laza (-as) ‘clearing
(in forest), glade’ [Serbo-Croat läz ‘clearing’, Russ. laz ‘animal pathway to a river (lake)’,
lazina 'clearing’]. lingas ‘depression, meadow’ [Lith. lénge ‘low land’, PN
Linge, Bulg. long@ ‘meadow’]. mandakes ‘a binder for sheaves’ marieus 'lime'
[IE *mar- 'dirty, unclear']. mar- ‘water, river, bog’ ["European" *mar- 'sea', Gaulish mor-
'sea', Anglo-Saxon merisc ‘swamp’, Old-Icel. moerr ‘swampy country’]. marka ‘bog;
swampy country’ [Lith. mark? ‘a pit for steeping flax or hemp’, Ukrain. morokva ‘bog’].
melda(s) ‘marshy reed’ [Lith. melda, méldas ‘marsh reed’, Latv. meldi ‘reed’,
Old-HighGerman melta]. mér- ‘large, great’ [IE *mér-, Church Slavic personal name Vladi-mer@,
Old-HighGerman Volk-már, Hlodo-már, Old-Icel. már ‘big’]. mezéna ‘a horseman’ [Alb. mes, mezi ‘stallion’,
Roman. (substrat) mînz ‘stallion’]. midne 'a settlement'. muka ‘seed, clan, posterity’
[Iran. muka- in the Osset. mug? ‘family’, muggag ‘seed, clan’]. mukas ‘swampy
country, a bog’ [Latv. muka ‘swamp, where one can sink’, mukls ‘swampy’, Lith. RN Múke.].
musas ‘moss, mould’ [Old-HighGerman, Anglo-Saxon mos ‘moss, swamp’, German Moss
‘moss’, Church-Slav. m@h@ ‘moss’, Lith. musai, pl. ‘mould on yoghourt’]. neos
'new' [IE *newo- 'new']. nest- ‘rumbling, roaring’ [Old-Ind. nádati ‘to rumlble, to roar’,
nadi- ‘river, current’]. niva 'snow' [IE *sneigwh- 'snow']. óstas ‘river
mouth’ [Lith. úostas, uosta ‘river mouth; a port’, Latv. uosts-, uosta ‘the same’, Latin
óstium ‘river mouth’, Old-Bulg. uostije ‘the same’]. pa(i)vis ‘child, son’
[Greek Homer pavis, Att. paus, pais]. paisa(s) ‘soot’ [Lith. paišai ‘soot’].
pala ‘swamp, bog’ [Lith. palios, pl. ‘big swamp. bog’, Latv. pal,as, pal,i ‘swampy
banks of a lake’, Latin palus ‘lake’]. palma ‘swamp, bog’ [from pala with
the suffix -má]. pan(i) ‘swamp, quagmire, peat-bog’ [Old-Pruss. pannean ‘quagmire’,
Goth. fani ‘silt’, etc.]. para, phara ‘settlement, village’, marketplace
[from the IE *(s)porá as ‘village’]. paurakis 'small' [Latin paucus 'small']. pauta(s)
‘foam’ or ‘foaming’ [Old-Pruss. RN Pauta, Lith. puta ‘foam’, putóti ‘to
foam’, Latv. putas ‘foam’]. per ‘boy, son’ [Lat. puer ‘child, boy, son’].
per(u)- ‘a rock’ [Hett. peruna- ‘a rock’, Old-Ind. párvata- ‘mountain’].
pés ‘boy, child’ [Greek paus, pais ‘child’, Cypr. pas ‘the same’]. pi
- 'beside, more' pinon 'a drink' [IE *poi-, *pi- 'to drink', Latin pibo 'I drink', Slavic *piti 'to
drink']. pitye 'a treasure' piza(s) ‘bog, meadow’ [Latv. písa ‘deep
swamp’, Greek písea, pl. ‘damp places, meadow’]. poltyn 'a fortress' pras-
(resp. *praus-) ‘to wash, to splash, to bedew’ [Lith. prausti ‘to wash, to sprinkle’,
Latv. prauslat ’to splash, to besprinkle’, Old-Ind. prusnó'ti ‘to splash’]. puis, pus,
pys ‘child, son’ [-pu(i)s = Greek Att. paus ‘child, son’]. pupa ‘beans’
or ‘hill’ (?) [Lith. pupa ‘beans’ or Alb. pupë ‘hill’]. pura- ‘maize,
spelt’ [Greek pyrós ‘maize’, Lith. púrai ‘winter maize’, Church Slavic p@iro ‘spelt’].
purda ‘swampy, damp place’ [Latv. purdul,i ‘a snivel’, Greek pardakos ‘damp,
wet’]. puris, poris, por, pyris, pyros, pyr ‘son, boy’
[Latin pure ‘child, boy, son’ in Latin PN Marci-por, Nae-por, óli-por, Etr. nei-pur, naei-purs]. pus,
pys ‘child, son’ - see puis. pusinas ‘spruce forest, pine forest’
[Lith. pušynas ‘spruce forest’ from pušis ‘pine, spruce’]. putras ‘bawler,
squaller, babbler’ [Old-Latv. personal name Putre, Latv. putruôt, putrât ‘to cry, to speak fast’]. raimas
‘motley’ [Lith. ráimas ‘motley, particoloured’]. raka(s) ‘eroded place,
a gully’ [Lith. rakti ‘to burrow’]. ramus ‘quiet, calm’ [Lith. ramus ‘quiet’,
Old-Ind. rámate ‘to stay quiet, to rest’]. raskus ‘quick, agile, live’ [Old-HighGerman
rasc ‘quick’, German rasch ‘the same’, Engl. rash]. rera ‘stones, stony ground’
(from an earlier *lera) [Alb. lerë, -a ‘stones, fallen stones’]. rézas (resas) ‘king’
[Latin rex ‘king’, Old-Ind. raj- ‘the same’]. ring- (rink-) ‘quick, skillful’
[Old-HighGerman (ge)-ringi ‘light’, Middle-German ge-ringi ‘light. quick’, Greek rhimpha ‘quickly,
skillfully’]. romfea 'an arrow, a staff' rudas ‘red, reddish’ [Lith.
RN Rud-upe., adj. rudas ‘(red-) brown, reddish’, Latv. ruds ‘reddish’]. rumba(s) ‘edge;
rapids’ [Lith. rumbas ‘periphery’, Latv. rumba ‘waterfall, rapids’]. rús-a (-as,
-is) ‘a pit’ or rus- ‘slowly flowing’ [Old-Pruss. PN Russe (a village
and a swamp), Lith. rúsys (and rúsas) ‘potatoe’s pit; hut’, Latv. rúsa ‘pit; or the Litv. ruse.ti
‘to flow slowly’]. sabazias ‘free’ [Old-Bulg. svobod' ‘free’]. saldas,
saltas (instead of *zaldas) ‘golden’ [Old-Bulg. zlato (from the Proto-Slavic *zalta) ‘gold (noun)’
, New-Bulg. zlato ‘gold’, zlaten ‘golden’]. sara ‘current, stream’ [Old-Ind.
sará ‘river, stream’]. sartas ‘light-red’ [Lith. sartas ‘light-red (for horses)’,
Latv. sarts ‘red’]. satras (satrus) ‘live, quick, agile’ (?) [Lith. šatrus
‘live, quick, agile, row’]. saut-is (-as) ‘lazy’ [Latv. sautis ‘lazy man,
who sleeps all the time’]. sei(e)tuva ‘deep place in the river’ [Lith. sietuve. ‘deep
place in the river’]. seina(s) ‘village, settlement’ [Armen. šén, Gen. sini ‘village’,
Greek Rhod. kroina ‘residence’]. sékas ‘grass, greenery; hay’ [Lith. še.kas
‘recently mowed down grass’, Old-Ind. s'áka- ‘vegetable’]. sem(e)la (= zeml’a)
‘land, earth’ [Old-Bulg. zemlja, Russ. zemlja, Lith. zeme, Latv. zeme]. serma, sermas
‘current, stream’ [Old-Ind. sárma-h ‘current’, Lith. RN Sérmas]. siltas ‘warm,
pleasant’ [Lith. šiltas ‘warm, pleasant’, Latv. silts ‘warm’, Cymr. clyd ‘warm,
warming’]. sind(u)- ‘river’ [Old-Ind. sindhu- ‘river’, Old-Pers. hindus ‘the
same’]. singas ‘low land, depression’ [Goth. sigqan, Old-HighGerman sinkan, German sinken
‘to sink, to collapse’]. siros 'a granary' skaivas ‘left’ [Greek
skaiós ‘left’, Latin scaevus ‘the same’]. skalme 'a sword' skalp- ‘to
beetle, to hit’ [Lith. skalbti (-biu, -biau) ‘to beetle, to dolly (for laundry)’]. skaplis
‘axe’ [Lith. skaplis ‘axe’]. skapt- ‘to dig’ [Lith. skaptúoti
‘to cut, to carve (in wood)’, Greek skápto ‘to dig’]. skaras (-is) ‘quick’
[Old-Bulg. skor@, Russ. skor@j ‘quick’, etc. (Proto-Slavic *skar@)]. skarké 'a coin' skarsas
‘transverse, slanting’ [the Greek en-kársios, epi-kársis ‘curved, bent, transverse’, Lith.
skersas ‘transverse, oblique]. skilas ‘quick, impetuous’ [Lith. skilti ‘set fire’
and ‘run mad’] skreta ‘circle, circumference’ [Lith. skrete. ‘a (round) disk’,
skrite. ‘circumference’]. skumbr-as (or -is) ‘hill, mountain’ [Lith. kumbrys,
kumbris ‘hillock, hill, mountain peak, small mountain’]. spinda(s) ‘clearing (in the forest)’
[Lith spindis ‘clearing in the forest’]. spinos 'coal' stra (from an earlier *strava)
‘current, torrent’ [Lith. srava ‘current’, Latv. strava ‘current, torrent’]. strambas
‘stubble-field’ [Old-Pruss. strambo ‘stubble-field’, the Latv. struobs ‘a spray, a stem,
a straw’ ]. strumá, strumón ‘current, river’ [Old-HighGerman stroum, German Strom
‘current’ river’, Lith. sraumuo, -ens ‘fast current’, srúti (srúvu, dial. srúnu) ‘to fill
with water’ and ‘to flow, to outflow the banks (for a river)’]. strúna ‘current, river’
[Lith. sriti ‘to fill with water, to outflow’]. stur(ia) ‘country, countryside’
[Old-Bulg strana (Proto-Slavic *starná) ‘country’, Bulg. pro-stor ‘expanse, space’]. suchis,
sukis, suku(s) (-os) ‘girl’, resp. ‘boy, juvenile’ [Cymr.
hogen ‘girl’, hogyn ‘boy, lad’, Lith. súnus ‘son’, Old-Bulg. s@in ‘son’, etc.].
suka ‘a crack, a gorge, a pass’, [Lith. šuke. ‘a gap, a crack’]. sula
‘groove’ [Greek hýle ‘forest, groove’]. sunka ‘sap, fluid’ [Lith.
sunka ‘sap (of a tree); fluid’]. sura (zura) ‘current, stream’ [Old-Ind.
sirá ‘current. stream’]. suras ‘strong, brave; a hero’ [Old-Ind. súra-h ‘a
hero, a warrior’, Avest. súra- ‘brave, courageous; a hero’]. suras ‘salty, bitter’
[Lith. súras ‘salty’, Latv. surs ‘salty, bitter, sour’]. svit- ‘to shine, to twinkle’
[Lith. švite.ti ‘to shine, to twinkle’, Old-Bulg. svüteti sia) ‘to shine’]. tarpas, terpas
‘a gap, a crack’ [Lith. tárpas, térpü ‘an interstice, a crack’, Proto-Slavic *tarp@ ‘a
pit, a ditch’]. taru- ‘spear’ [Greek dóry ‘tree’ and ‘spear’,
Hett. taru- ‘tree, trees’, Old-Ind. dáru- ‘tree’]. therm 'a tribe' thin-
‘to hold, to carry’ [Latin teneó, -ere ‘to hold’]. thurd- ‘to crash,
to collapse’ [Old-HighGerman sturzen, German stürzen ‘to overthrow, to fall’]. tirsas ‘thicket’
[Lith. tirštis ‘density, thickness’ and ‘thicket, brush-wood’, tiršti (tirštu) ‘to
thicken’]. titha ‘light, radiance’ [Greek titó' ‘morning glow; morning, day’,
Alb. ditë ‘day’]. tón 'a present' [IE *dó- 'to give']. tranas ‘rotting’
[Lith. RN Tranys, trene.ti ‘to rot, to decompose’]. traus- ‘to break, to crumble’
[Lith. traušti ‘to break, to crumble’, traušus ‘brittle’, the Latv. trauss, trausls ‘brittle,
fragile’, Old-Russ. troh@ ‘lazy; sad’]. tri 'three' [IE *treyes, *trí 'three']. tund-
1. ‘to push, to knock’; 2. ‘river’ [1. Latin tundó, -ere ‘to push, to knock’,
Old-Ind. tundaté ‘to push’. 2. Old-Icel. ?und ‘river’]. tuntas ‘a flock,
a flight; a heap’ [Lith. tuntas ‘a flock, a flight; a heap, a pile’]. turm- ‘a run,
a flight’ [Old-Ind. drámati ‘to run’, Greek drómos ‘a run’]. udra(s) ‘otter’
[IE *wed-, *wod-, Old-Ind. udráh ‘water animal’, Avest. udra- ‘otter’, Greek hydros, Old-HighGerman
ottar, Lith. údra, Bulg. vidra ‘otter’]. udrénas ‘water, aquatic’ [IE *wed-, *wod-
'water']. úkas ‘mist; misty, turbid’ [Lith. úkas ‘a mist; clouding; fume, vapour’,
úkanas ‘cloudy, turbid’]. upa ‘river’ [Lith. úpe. ‘river’, Latv. upe
‘river, stream’]. -upula 'apple?' [IE *amlu-, *samlu- 'apple']. urda(s)
‘stream’ [Lith. urdulys ‘(mountain) stream, pool’, Latv. urdavin,a ‘stream’]. usku-
‘water; aquatic, marshy’ [Old-Ir. u(i)sce ‘water’, Old-Cymr uisc, Irish esc ‘water, bog,
swamp’]. utos ‘water, river’ [IE *wed-, *wod-, Old-Ind. ud-án- ‘water’, Greek
hydos ‘the same’]. vair-as (-us) ‘spinning’ [Lith. vairus, vairas ‘spinning’,
Swed. vírr ‘a spiral’]. varpasas ‘whirlpool’ [Latv. várpats ‘whirlpool’,
the Lith. varpyti (-pau, -piau) ‘to dig, to burrow’]. veger- (resp. *veker-) ‘damp;
to bedew’ or ‘haymowing’ [Dutch wak ‘damp’, Latv. vedzere etc.]. veleka(s)
‘place for washing’ [Lith. vele.kles ‘a place, used for washing’, vele.ti ‘to wash (with
a paddle)’]. ver- ‘to spring, to issue’ [Lith. vírti (vérdu, viriau) ‘to boil, to
bubble’, the Old-Bulg. v'reti v'rion ‘to spring, to boil’]. verza(s) ‘a barrier used
for fishing; dam’ [Latv. varza ‘dam’]. zalmos 'a skin' zan 'a
clan, a family' [IE *g'en- 'to give birth, a kin']. zbel- (from an initial *zibel-) ‘shining; a thunderbolt,
a lightning’ [Latv. zibele ‘shining’, zibelęt ‘to flash, to twinkle, to shine’]. zburul-
‘light (noun); shining’ [Lith. z'iburys ‘light’ (noun)’]. zeira
'a kind of chiton'. zelas - 'wine'. zelmis ‘an offspring, descendant’
[Lith. z'elmuo, -ens ‘plant’ and ‘an offspring’]. zenis, zenés ‘born, born
in’ [=genes in the Greek personal name of Dio=génes, from the IE *g'en- ‘to give birth’ in the Old-Latin
geno ‘to produce, to give birth’]. zéri- (from an earlier *zvéri-) ‘an animal, a beast’
[Lith. z've.ris ‘a beast’, Old-Bulg. zver@ ‘the same’, Greek thér]. zetraia 'a pot'.
zi- ‘god’ [shortened from ziu-, zia- and similar, IE *deiwo- 'sky god', Greek Zeus]. zilas
‘grey, turned grey’ or ‘blue’ [Lith. z'ilas ‘grey-haired’, Latv. zils, zilš
‘blue’]. zilma(s) ‘greenery’ [Latv. zelme ‘green grass or wheat’]. zombros
'a bison?' [Slavic *zo.brü, Latv. subrs 'a bison', Old Prus. wissambris 'a bison', Old Icel. visundr 'a bison']. zum-,
zuml- ‘dragon’ [Old-Bulg zm'i ‘dragon’, zm'ia ‘snake’]. zvaka(s) ‘bright,
white’ [Lith. z'vake. ‘light (noun)’].
Personal names
The Thracian personal names are two-component and single-component. Some
of the single-component names are in fact abbreviated two-component ones.
Bendidôra, [B]endidôros - ‘gift of Bendis (a deity)’.
Brinkazis, Brinkazeis, Brinkainos
- ‘fat, stout, a boor’.
Bryzos - ‘quick; somebody who runs
to and fro, aimlessly’.
Bizas, Byzis, Byzî - a frequent
Thracian name - ‘a goat’.
Cerzula - ‘on black and white spots’.
Dentupes - ‘a boy, a son of the clan’.
Dentusucu, Dentusykos, Dentysykos
- ‘a girl, a daughter of the clan’.
Deopus - ‘son of god’.
Deospor, Deospuris - ‘son
of god’.
Desakenthos - ‘god’s child’.
Diaskenthos, Diascenthus, Diascinthus
- ‘god’s child’.
Diazelmis - ‘god’s descendant’.
Diazenis, Diuzenes ‘born of
Zeus, divine’.
Dizapés - ‘god’s son’.
Dizapor - ‘god’s son, boy’.
Dizazelmis - ‘god’s child,
descendant’.
Drenis - from the IE *dhren- ‘a deer’.
Eptaikenthos, Eptakenthos, Eptekenthos,
Eptękenthos, Eptacentus, Eptacens, Iptacens, Eptecens, Eptecentus, Eftacentus,
Eftecenthus - a frequent Thracian name ‘Epta’s (a goddess) child’.
Eptaper - ‘Epta’s son’.
Eptaporis, Heptaporis, Epteporis,
Eptiporis - ‘Epta’s son’.
Eptarys, Eptepus - ‘Epta’s
child’.
Eptepyris, Eptepyris = Eptaporis.
Eptesuchis, Eptesykos, Eptesykos
-‘Epta’s girl (resp. boy’.
Eptenis, Eptenes - extended with
the suffix -en from Epta-, Epte- in a composite Thracian names, such as Epta-kenthos, Epta-per, Epte-pyris, etc.
Eptezenis, Epteizenis, Eptezenus
- ‘born of Epta’.
Ezbenis, Esbenus, Hesbenus,
Hezbenus, Esbeneios - a derivative with the suffix -en- of the Thracian word for horse *esva-s or *ezva-s.
Gaidres - ‘shining, bright’.
Kerses, Kersos, Kerza - from
the Thracian adjective kerasa ‘black’, also in Thracian personal names Kerse-bleptes, Kerso-bleptes (an Odrisian
king, 359-341 BC) and Kersi-baulos (a Thracian king).
Ketriporis, Cet(ri)p(oris); variants: Kedripolis, Kedreipolis, Kedropolis,
Kedr
polis
- ‘fourth child’.
Mokasokos - ‘girl (daughter) of the
clan’.
Mukaboris, Mukabur, Mukaburis
- ‘man (son) of the clan’. The Thracian word muka-s ‘clan, generation’ is also present in a number
of two-component names: Muka-kakaes, Muka-tralis, Muka-zeras, Muka-kenthos, Muka-poris, Muka-zenis. The elimination of the
second component led to other Thracian names: Mukas, Mukos, Muka (Muca), Mokas, Moca,
Mokkas, Mokkos, Mokkus. Also Mukazeis, Mukases, Mucasis, Mukasos, Mukala(s),
Muccala, Mucalus.
Mukakenthos, Mucacentus - ‘child,
descendant of the clan’.
Mukapaibes, Mucapaibes - ‘child,
son of the clan’.
Mukaporis, Mokaporis, Mukaporeis,
Mucapor, Mocapor, Mokkaporis, Mokaporos, Mucapora - a frequent Thracian name meaning ‘boy,
son of the clan’.
Mukapuis, Mucapus - ‘child,
son of the clan’.
Mukazenis, Mukasenes, Mucasenes.
From Muka- ‘family, clan’ and -zenis ‘born, born in, native of’.
Pytros - ‘bawler, squaller, babbler’.
Rhaskos - ‘quick, brisk’.
Rhaskuporis, Rhaskyporis, Rheskuporis,
Rhaskupolis, Rascupolis, R(h)escupolis - names of three Thracian kings, and also of Bosporan kings. =
‘quick, brisk boy’.
Rheskutorme, Rescuturme. (-turme.
-torme = ‘to run’) ‘running fast’.
Rhesos, Rhesus - a famous Thracian
king; Rheesos, Rhesus, Resus - ‘king’.
Satres - see later among the tribal names.
Sautes - ‘“lazy-bones”,
“drowsy-head”’.
Skaris - ‘quick’.
Skílas - from the Lith. skílti ‘to
set fire’, figurative ‘to run fast, to ride’.
Sura- (Suratralis) - ‘strong,
brave’.
Taruthin, Tarusinas, Tarutinos
- ‘holding a spear, lancer’.
Ziles - from the Lith. zílas ‘grey-haired’,
the Latv. zils, zils, ‘blue’.
Zipaibes, Zipaibes - ‘god’s
child, son’.
Ziper - ‘god’s son’.
Zipyrôn, Zeipyrôn - ‘god’s
boy, son’.
Zipyros, Zeipyros, Ziepyrus,
Zypyr - god’s boy, son’.
Letter / Digraph |
Pronunciation |
IPA |
Further comment |
a |
as in father, but shorter. Like
fathom |
[ɑ] |
never as in cat |
á |
as in father |
[ɑː] |
/ |
â |
(in Sindarin) as in father, but
even longer |
[ɑːː] |
/ |
ae |
(in Sindarin) the vowels described for
a and e in one syllable. |
[ɑɛ̯] |
Similar to ai |
ai |
a diphthong, similar to that in eye,
but with short vowels |
[ɑɪ̯] |
never as in rain |
au |
a
and u run together in one syllable. Similar to the sound in house |
[ɑʊ̯] |
never as in sauce |
aw |
(in Sindarin) a common way to write
au at the end of the word |
[ɑʊ̯] |
/ |
e |
as in pet |
[ɛ] |
/ |
é |
the same vowel lengthened (and in Quenya
more closed; as in German) |
S: [ɛː], Q: [eː] |
Rural Hobbit pronunciation allows the
sound as in English rain |
ę |
(in Sindarin) the vowel of pet
especially lengthened |
[ɛːː] |
Rural Hobbit pronunciation allows the
sound as in English rain |
ei |
as in eight |
[ɛɪ̯] |
never as in either (in neither
pronunciation) |
eu |
(in Quenya) e and u run
together in one syllable |
[ɛʊ̯] |
never as in English or German |
i |
as in machine, but short |
[i] |
not opened as in fit |
í |
as in machine |
[iː] |
/ |
î |
(in Sindarin) as in machine,
but especially lengthened |
[iːː] |
/ |
iu |
(in Quenya) i and u run
together in one syllable |
[iʊ̯] |
later by men often as in English
you |
o |
open as in British got |
[ɔ] |
/ |
ó |
the same vowel lengthened (and in Quenya
more closed; as in German) |
S: [ɔː], Q: [oː] |
Rural Hobbit pronunciation allows the
sound of "long" English cold |
ô |
(in Sindarin) the same vowel especially
lengthened |
[ɔːː] |
Rural Hobbit pronunciation allows the
sound of "long" English cold |
oi |
(in Quenya) as in English coin |
[ɔɪ̯] |
/ |
oe |
(in Sindarin) the vowels described for
o and e in one syllable. |
[ɔɛ̯] |
Similar to oi. Cf. œ! |
œ |
(in Sindarin) as in German Götter |
[œ] |
in published writing often oe
has falsely been used, as in Nírnaeth Arnoediad! |
u |
as in cool, but shorter |
[u] |
not opened as in book |
ú |
as in cool |
[uː] |
/ |
ű |
(in Sindarin) the same vowel as above,
but especially lengthened |
[uːː] |
/ |
y |
(in Sindarin) as in French lune
or German süß, but short |
[y] |
not found in English |
ý |
(in Sindarin) as in French lune
or German süß |
[yː] |
/ |
ŷ |
(in Sindarin) as in French lune
or German süß, but even longer |
[yːː] |
not found in English |
|